beta toxin Search Results


beta toxin  (ATCC)
95
ATCC beta toxin
Beta Toxin, supplied by ATCC, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 95/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/beta+toxin/us09801938-193-23-41?v=ATCC
Average 95 stars, based on 1 article reviews
beta toxin - by Bioz Stars, 2026-07
95/100 stars
  Buy from Supplier
mittx  (Alomone Labs)
94
Alomone Labs mittx
Mittx, supplied by Alomone Labs, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 94/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/beta+toxin/pm41956146-65-12-16?v=Alomone+Labs
Average 94 stars, based on 1 article reviews
mittx - by Bioz Stars, 2026-07
94/100 stars
  Buy from Supplier
recombinant ctb protein  (Novus Biologicals)
91
Novus Biologicals recombinant ctb protein
Recombinant Ctb Protein, supplied by Novus Biologicals, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 91/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/beta+toxin/pmc07797949-44-1-14?v=Novus+Biologicals
Average 91 stars, based on 1 article reviews
recombinant ctb protein - by Bioz Stars, 2026-07
91/100 stars
  Buy from Supplier
cholera toxin beta subunit  (Novus Biologicals)
91
Novus Biologicals cholera toxin beta subunit
Primary antibodies
Cholera Toxin Beta Subunit, supplied by Novus Biologicals, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 91/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/beta+toxin/pmc02933108-110-28-37?v=Novus+Biologicals
Average 91 stars, based on 1 article reviews
cholera toxin beta subunit - by Bioz Stars, 2026-07
91/100 stars
  Buy from Supplier
rabbit anti pitx2  (Novus Biologicals)
93
Novus Biologicals rabbit anti pitx2
(A) Transverse section of the cervical spinal cord showing retrograde CTB labeling (green) in PMNs (squared region). Scale bar = 100 µm. (B) Enlargement of CTB-labeled PMNs (green) shown in (A). Square region indicates a PMN shown in (C). Scale bar = 20 µm. (C) Enlargement of a single CTB-labeled PMN (CTB, green) shown in (B) from a <t>Pitx2</t> tdTom adult mouse with synapses derived from Pitx2 Tdtom + interneurons (red) and cholinergic synapses (VAChT, blue). Numbers indicate labeled synapses on the PMN soma. Scale bar = 5 µm (D) Magnification of numbered synapses from (C) showing colocalization of tdTomato and VAChT. Scale bar = 1 µm. (E-F) Representative images of VAChT+ puncta on PMNs in P4 Pitx2 tdTom mice. Square region in (E) is enlarged in (F). Scale bar = 100 μm (E) and 20 μm (F). (G) Enlargement of the square region in (F). Numbers indicate examples of synapses on the PMN soma. Scale bar = 5 µm. (H) Magnification of numbered synapses from (G). Scale bar = 1 µm. (I) Percentage of VAChT+ puncta that are Pitx2 tdTom + on PMN somas at P4. (J-K) Representative images of VAChT+ puncta on PMNs in adult (P60) Pitx2 tdTom mice. Square region in (J) is enlarged in (K). Scale bar = 100 μm (J) and 20 μm (K). (L) Enlargement of the square region in (K). Numbers indicate examples of synapses on the PMN soma. Scale bar = 5 µm. (M) Magnification of numbered synapses from (L). Scale bar = 1 µm. (N) Percentage of VAChT+ puncta that are Pitx2 tdTom + on PMN somas at P60.
Rabbit Anti Pitx2, supplied by Novus Biologicals, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 93/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/beta+toxin/bio_rxiv__2025__01__20__633641-211-54-60?v=Novus+Biologicals
Average 93 stars, based on 1 article reviews
rabbit anti pitx2 - by Bioz Stars, 2026-07
93/100 stars
  Buy from Supplier
nbp2 61449  (Novus Biologicals)
94
Novus Biologicals nbp2 61449
(A) Transverse section of the cervical spinal cord showing retrograde CTB labeling (green) in PMNs (squared region). Scale bar = 100 µm. (B) Enlargement of CTB-labeled PMNs (green) shown in (A). Square region indicates a PMN shown in (C). Scale bar = 20 µm. (C) Enlargement of a single CTB-labeled PMN (CTB, green) shown in (B) from a <t>Pitx2</t> tdTom adult mouse with synapses derived from Pitx2 Tdtom + interneurons (red) and cholinergic synapses (VAChT, blue). Numbers indicate labeled synapses on the PMN soma. Scale bar = 5 µm (D) Magnification of numbered synapses from (C) showing colocalization of tdTomato and VAChT. Scale bar = 1 µm. (E-F) Representative images of VAChT+ puncta on PMNs in P4 Pitx2 tdTom mice. Square region in (E) is enlarged in (F). Scale bar = 100 μm (E) and 20 μm (F). (G) Enlargement of the square region in (F). Numbers indicate examples of synapses on the PMN soma. Scale bar = 5 µm. (H) Magnification of numbered synapses from (G). Scale bar = 1 µm. (I) Percentage of VAChT+ puncta that are Pitx2 tdTom + on PMN somas at P4. (J-K) Representative images of VAChT+ puncta on PMNs in adult (P60) Pitx2 tdTom mice. Square region in (J) is enlarged in (K). Scale bar = 100 μm (J) and 20 μm (K). (L) Enlargement of the square region in (K). Numbers indicate examples of synapses on the PMN soma. Scale bar = 5 µm. (M) Magnification of numbered synapses from (L). Scale bar = 1 µm. (N) Percentage of VAChT+ puncta that are Pitx2 tdTom + on PMN somas at P60.
Nbp2 61449, supplied by Novus Biologicals, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 94/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/beta+toxin/10__4103_slash_nrr__nrr___d___24___00995-44-28-29?v=Novus+Biologicals
Average 94 stars, based on 1 article reviews
nbp2 61449 - by Bioz Stars, 2026-07
94/100 stars
  Buy from Supplier
monoclonal antibody against v cholerae toxin b subunit  (Novus Biologicals)
91
Novus Biologicals monoclonal antibody against v cholerae toxin b subunit
(A) Transverse section of the cervical spinal cord showing retrograde CTB labeling (green) in PMNs (squared region). Scale bar = 100 µm. (B) Enlargement of CTB-labeled PMNs (green) shown in (A). Square region indicates a PMN shown in (C). Scale bar = 20 µm. (C) Enlargement of a single CTB-labeled PMN (CTB, green) shown in (B) from a <t>Pitx2</t> tdTom adult mouse with synapses derived from Pitx2 Tdtom + interneurons (red) and cholinergic synapses (VAChT, blue). Numbers indicate labeled synapses on the PMN soma. Scale bar = 5 µm (D) Magnification of numbered synapses from (C) showing colocalization of tdTomato and VAChT. Scale bar = 1 µm. (E-F) Representative images of VAChT+ puncta on PMNs in P4 Pitx2 tdTom mice. Square region in (E) is enlarged in (F). Scale bar = 100 μm (E) and 20 μm (F). (G) Enlargement of the square region in (F). Numbers indicate examples of synapses on the PMN soma. Scale bar = 5 µm. (H) Magnification of numbered synapses from (G). Scale bar = 1 µm. (I) Percentage of VAChT+ puncta that are Pitx2 tdTom + on PMN somas at P4. (J-K) Representative images of VAChT+ puncta on PMNs in adult (P60) Pitx2 tdTom mice. Square region in (J) is enlarged in (K). Scale bar = 100 μm (J) and 20 μm (K). (L) Enlargement of the square region in (K). Numbers indicate examples of synapses on the PMN soma. Scale bar = 5 µm. (M) Magnification of numbered synapses from (L). Scale bar = 1 µm. (N) Percentage of VAChT+ puncta that are Pitx2 tdTom + on PMN somas at P60.
Monoclonal Antibody Against V Cholerae Toxin B Subunit, supplied by Novus Biologicals, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 91/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/beta+toxin/pmc06189684-122-3-11?v=Novus+Biologicals
Average 91 stars, based on 1 article reviews
monoclonal antibody against v cholerae toxin b subunit - by Bioz Stars, 2026-07
91/100 stars
  Buy from Supplier
mouse anti cholera toxin b antibody  (Bio-Rad)
85
Bio-Rad mouse anti cholera toxin b antibody
(A) Transverse section of the cervical spinal cord showing retrograde CTB labeling (green) in PMNs (squared region). Scale bar = 100 µm. (B) Enlargement of CTB-labeled PMNs (green) shown in (A). Square region indicates a PMN shown in (C). Scale bar = 20 µm. (C) Enlargement of a single CTB-labeled PMN (CTB, green) shown in (B) from a <t>Pitx2</t> tdTom adult mouse with synapses derived from Pitx2 Tdtom + interneurons (red) and cholinergic synapses (VAChT, blue). Numbers indicate labeled synapses on the PMN soma. Scale bar = 5 µm (D) Magnification of numbered synapses from (C) showing colocalization of tdTomato and VAChT. Scale bar = 1 µm. (E-F) Representative images of VAChT+ puncta on PMNs in P4 Pitx2 tdTom mice. Square region in (E) is enlarged in (F). Scale bar = 100 μm (E) and 20 μm (F). (G) Enlargement of the square region in (F). Numbers indicate examples of synapses on the PMN soma. Scale bar = 5 µm. (H) Magnification of numbered synapses from (G). Scale bar = 1 µm. (I) Percentage of VAChT+ puncta that are Pitx2 tdTom + on PMN somas at P4. (J-K) Representative images of VAChT+ puncta on PMNs in adult (P60) Pitx2 tdTom mice. Square region in (J) is enlarged in (K). Scale bar = 100 μm (J) and 20 μm (K). (L) Enlargement of the square region in (K). Numbers indicate examples of synapses on the PMN soma. Scale bar = 5 µm. (M) Magnification of numbered synapses from (L). Scale bar = 1 µm. (N) Percentage of VAChT+ puncta that are Pitx2 tdTom + on PMN somas at P60.
Mouse Anti Cholera Toxin B Antibody, supplied by Bio-Rad, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 85/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/beta+toxin/pmc03324267-79-1-8?v=Bio-Rad
Average 85 stars, based on 1 article reviews
mouse anti cholera toxin b antibody - by Bioz Stars, 2026-07
85/100 stars
  Buy from Supplier
ctxb  (Bioss)
92
Bioss ctxb
(A) Transverse section of the cervical spinal cord showing retrograde CTB labeling (green) in PMNs (squared region). Scale bar = 100 µm. (B) Enlargement of CTB-labeled PMNs (green) shown in (A). Square region indicates a PMN shown in (C). Scale bar = 20 µm. (C) Enlargement of a single CTB-labeled PMN (CTB, green) shown in (B) from a <t>Pitx2</t> tdTom adult mouse with synapses derived from Pitx2 Tdtom + interneurons (red) and cholinergic synapses (VAChT, blue). Numbers indicate labeled synapses on the PMN soma. Scale bar = 5 µm (D) Magnification of numbered synapses from (C) showing colocalization of tdTomato and VAChT. Scale bar = 1 µm. (E-F) Representative images of VAChT+ puncta on PMNs in P4 Pitx2 tdTom mice. Square region in (E) is enlarged in (F). Scale bar = 100 μm (E) and 20 μm (F). (G) Enlargement of the square region in (F). Numbers indicate examples of synapses on the PMN soma. Scale bar = 5 µm. (H) Magnification of numbered synapses from (G). Scale bar = 1 µm. (I) Percentage of VAChT+ puncta that are Pitx2 tdTom + on PMN somas at P4. (J-K) Representative images of VAChT+ puncta on PMNs in adult (P60) Pitx2 tdTom mice. Square region in (J) is enlarged in (K). Scale bar = 100 μm (J) and 20 μm (K). (L) Enlargement of the square region in (K). Numbers indicate examples of synapses on the PMN soma. Scale bar = 5 µm. (M) Magnification of numbered synapses from (L). Scale bar = 1 µm. (N) Percentage of VAChT+ puncta that are Pitx2 tdTom + on PMN somas at P60.
Ctxb, supplied by Bioss, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 92/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/beta+toxin/pmc08891325-387-1-8?v=Bioss
Average 92 stars, based on 1 article reviews
ctxb - by Bioz Stars, 2026-07
92/100 stars
  Buy from Supplier
α ctb  (Bio-Rad)
90
Bio-Rad α ctb
(A) Transverse section of the cervical spinal cord showing retrograde CTB labeling (green) in PMNs (squared region). Scale bar = 100 µm. (B) Enlargement of CTB-labeled PMNs (green) shown in (A). Square region indicates a PMN shown in (C). Scale bar = 20 µm. (C) Enlargement of a single CTB-labeled PMN (CTB, green) shown in (B) from a <t>Pitx2</t> tdTom adult mouse with synapses derived from Pitx2 Tdtom + interneurons (red) and cholinergic synapses (VAChT, blue). Numbers indicate labeled synapses on the PMN soma. Scale bar = 5 µm (D) Magnification of numbered synapses from (C) showing colocalization of tdTomato and VAChT. Scale bar = 1 µm. (E-F) Representative images of VAChT+ puncta on PMNs in P4 Pitx2 tdTom mice. Square region in (E) is enlarged in (F). Scale bar = 100 μm (E) and 20 μm (F). (G) Enlargement of the square region in (F). Numbers indicate examples of synapses on the PMN soma. Scale bar = 5 µm. (H) Magnification of numbered synapses from (G). Scale bar = 1 µm. (I) Percentage of VAChT+ puncta that are Pitx2 tdTom + on PMN somas at P4. (J-K) Representative images of VAChT+ puncta on PMNs in adult (P60) Pitx2 tdTom mice. Square region in (J) is enlarged in (K). Scale bar = 100 μm (J) and 20 μm (K). (L) Enlargement of the square region in (K). Numbers indicate examples of synapses on the PMN soma. Scale bar = 5 µm. (M) Magnification of numbered synapses from (L). Scale bar = 1 µm. (N) Percentage of VAChT+ puncta that are Pitx2 tdTom + on PMN somas at P60.
α Ctb, supplied by Bio-Rad, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/beta+toxin/pmc06437147-311-50-54?v=Bio-Rad
Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
α ctb - by Bioz Stars, 2026-07
90/100 stars
  Buy from Supplier
rabbit anti ctb primary antibody  (Aviva Systems)
92
Aviva Systems rabbit anti ctb primary antibody
(A) Transverse section of the cervical spinal cord showing retrograde CTB labeling (green) in PMNs (squared region). Scale bar = 100 µm. (B) Enlargement of CTB-labeled PMNs (green) shown in (A). Square region indicates a PMN shown in (C). Scale bar = 20 µm. (C) Enlargement of a single CTB-labeled PMN (CTB, green) shown in (B) from a <t>Pitx2</t> tdTom adult mouse with synapses derived from Pitx2 Tdtom + interneurons (red) and cholinergic synapses (VAChT, blue). Numbers indicate labeled synapses on the PMN soma. Scale bar = 5 µm (D) Magnification of numbered synapses from (C) showing colocalization of tdTomato and VAChT. Scale bar = 1 µm. (E-F) Representative images of VAChT+ puncta on PMNs in P4 Pitx2 tdTom mice. Square region in (E) is enlarged in (F). Scale bar = 100 μm (E) and 20 μm (F). (G) Enlargement of the square region in (F). Numbers indicate examples of synapses on the PMN soma. Scale bar = 5 µm. (H) Magnification of numbered synapses from (G). Scale bar = 1 µm. (I) Percentage of VAChT+ puncta that are Pitx2 tdTom + on PMN somas at P4. (J-K) Representative images of VAChT+ puncta on PMNs in adult (P60) Pitx2 tdTom mice. Square region in (J) is enlarged in (K). Scale bar = 100 μm (J) and 20 μm (K). (L) Enlargement of the square region in (K). Numbers indicate examples of synapses on the PMN soma. Scale bar = 5 µm. (M) Magnification of numbered synapses from (L). Scale bar = 1 µm. (N) Percentage of VAChT+ puncta that are Pitx2 tdTom + on PMN somas at P60.
Rabbit Anti Ctb Primary Antibody, supplied by Aviva Systems, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 92/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/beta+toxin/pm37148757-149-0-5?v=Aviva+Systems
Average 92 stars, based on 1 article reviews
rabbit anti ctb primary antibody - by Bioz Stars, 2026-07
92/100 stars
  Buy from Supplier
his tagged shiga toxin 1 beta  (BEI Resources)
90
BEI Resources his tagged shiga toxin 1 beta
(A) Transverse section of the cervical spinal cord showing retrograde CTB labeling (green) in PMNs (squared region). Scale bar = 100 µm. (B) Enlargement of CTB-labeled PMNs (green) shown in (A). Square region indicates a PMN shown in (C). Scale bar = 20 µm. (C) Enlargement of a single CTB-labeled PMN (CTB, green) shown in (B) from a <t>Pitx2</t> tdTom adult mouse with synapses derived from Pitx2 Tdtom + interneurons (red) and cholinergic synapses (VAChT, blue). Numbers indicate labeled synapses on the PMN soma. Scale bar = 5 µm (D) Magnification of numbered synapses from (C) showing colocalization of tdTomato and VAChT. Scale bar = 1 µm. (E-F) Representative images of VAChT+ puncta on PMNs in P4 Pitx2 tdTom mice. Square region in (E) is enlarged in (F). Scale bar = 100 μm (E) and 20 μm (F). (G) Enlargement of the square region in (F). Numbers indicate examples of synapses on the PMN soma. Scale bar = 5 µm. (H) Magnification of numbered synapses from (G). Scale bar = 1 µm. (I) Percentage of VAChT+ puncta that are Pitx2 tdTom + on PMN somas at P4. (J-K) Representative images of VAChT+ puncta on PMNs in adult (P60) Pitx2 tdTom mice. Square region in (J) is enlarged in (K). Scale bar = 100 μm (J) and 20 μm (K). (L) Enlargement of the square region in (K). Numbers indicate examples of synapses on the PMN soma. Scale bar = 5 µm. (M) Magnification of numbered synapses from (L). Scale bar = 1 µm. (N) Percentage of VAChT+ puncta that are Pitx2 tdTom + on PMN somas at P60.
His Tagged Shiga Toxin 1 Beta, supplied by BEI Resources, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/beta+toxin/us09758573-524-41-45?v=BEI+Resources
Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
his tagged shiga toxin 1 beta - by Bioz Stars, 2026-07
90/100 stars
  Buy from Supplier

Image Search Results


Primary antibodies

Journal:

Article Title: Differential Localization of Vesicular Glutamate Transporters and Peptides in Corneal Afferents to Trigeminal Nucleus Caudalis

doi: 10.1002/cne.22414

Figure Lengend Snippet: Primary antibodies

Article Snippet: There was no immunolabeling in any of the mismatch combinations tested. table ft1 table-wrap mode="anchored" t5 caption a7 Antibody Source Immunogen Goat anti-CTb List Biological Laboratories, Inc. Purified cholera toxin beta subunit (manufacturer’s technical specifications) Rabbit anti-CTb Novus Biologicals Purified choleragenoid Rat anti-SP Accurate Chemical and Scientific Corporation Substance P peptide conjugated to bovine serum albumin Rabbit anti-CGRP Immunostar Full length synthetic rat alpha-CGRP Guinea pig anti-VGluT1 Chemicon Synthetic peptide corresponding to amino acid residues 542 – 560 of rat VGluT1 (GATHSTVQPPRPPPPVRDY) Guinea pig anti-VGluT2 Chemicon Synthetic peptide corresponding to amino acid residues 565 – 582 of rat VGluT2 (VQEAQDAYSYKDRDDYS) Open in a separate window Primary antibodies Data analysis for confocal microscopy Images were collected using a Zeiss LSM 510 META confocal microscope.

Techniques: Purification

(A) Transverse section of the cervical spinal cord showing retrograde CTB labeling (green) in PMNs (squared region). Scale bar = 100 µm. (B) Enlargement of CTB-labeled PMNs (green) shown in (A). Square region indicates a PMN shown in (C). Scale bar = 20 µm. (C) Enlargement of a single CTB-labeled PMN (CTB, green) shown in (B) from a Pitx2 tdTom adult mouse with synapses derived from Pitx2 Tdtom + interneurons (red) and cholinergic synapses (VAChT, blue). Numbers indicate labeled synapses on the PMN soma. Scale bar = 5 µm (D) Magnification of numbered synapses from (C) showing colocalization of tdTomato and VAChT. Scale bar = 1 µm. (E-F) Representative images of VAChT+ puncta on PMNs in P4 Pitx2 tdTom mice. Square region in (E) is enlarged in (F). Scale bar = 100 μm (E) and 20 μm (F). (G) Enlargement of the square region in (F). Numbers indicate examples of synapses on the PMN soma. Scale bar = 5 µm. (H) Magnification of numbered synapses from (G). Scale bar = 1 µm. (I) Percentage of VAChT+ puncta that are Pitx2 tdTom + on PMN somas at P4. (J-K) Representative images of VAChT+ puncta on PMNs in adult (P60) Pitx2 tdTom mice. Square region in (J) is enlarged in (K). Scale bar = 100 μm (J) and 20 μm (K). (L) Enlargement of the square region in (K). Numbers indicate examples of synapses on the PMN soma. Scale bar = 5 µm. (M) Magnification of numbered synapses from (L). Scale bar = 1 µm. (N) Percentage of VAChT+ puncta that are Pitx2 tdTom + on PMN somas at P60.

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: A cholinergic spinal pathway for the adaptive control of breathing

doi: 10.1101/2025.01.20.633641

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Transverse section of the cervical spinal cord showing retrograde CTB labeling (green) in PMNs (squared region). Scale bar = 100 µm. (B) Enlargement of CTB-labeled PMNs (green) shown in (A). Square region indicates a PMN shown in (C). Scale bar = 20 µm. (C) Enlargement of a single CTB-labeled PMN (CTB, green) shown in (B) from a Pitx2 tdTom adult mouse with synapses derived from Pitx2 Tdtom + interneurons (red) and cholinergic synapses (VAChT, blue). Numbers indicate labeled synapses on the PMN soma. Scale bar = 5 µm (D) Magnification of numbered synapses from (C) showing colocalization of tdTomato and VAChT. Scale bar = 1 µm. (E-F) Representative images of VAChT+ puncta on PMNs in P4 Pitx2 tdTom mice. Square region in (E) is enlarged in (F). Scale bar = 100 μm (E) and 20 μm (F). (G) Enlargement of the square region in (F). Numbers indicate examples of synapses on the PMN soma. Scale bar = 5 µm. (H) Magnification of numbered synapses from (G). Scale bar = 1 µm. (I) Percentage of VAChT+ puncta that are Pitx2 tdTom + on PMN somas at P4. (J-K) Representative images of VAChT+ puncta on PMNs in adult (P60) Pitx2 tdTom mice. Square region in (J) is enlarged in (K). Scale bar = 100 μm (J) and 20 μm (K). (L) Enlargement of the square region in (K). Numbers indicate examples of synapses on the PMN soma. Scale bar = 5 µm. (M) Magnification of numbered synapses from (L). Scale bar = 1 µm. (N) Percentage of VAChT+ puncta that are Pitx2 tdTom + on PMN somas at P60.

Article Snippet: The following primary antibodies were used in this study: goat anti-ChAT (Sigma, RRID: AB_2079751, 1:300), goat anti-VAChT (Millipore, RRID: AB_2630394, 1:1000), rabbit anti-VAChT (Synaptic Systems, RRID: AB_10893979, 1:500), chicken anti-RFP (Rockland, 600901379, 1:500), rabbit anti-DsRed (Takara Bio, RRID: AB_10013483, 1:1000), rabbit anti-c-Fos (Synaptic Systems, RRID: AB_2905595, 1:1000), goat anti-Scip (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, RRID:AB_2268536, 1:5000), rabbit anti-Pitx2 (1:16000) and rabbit anti-CTB (Novus Biologicals, NB100-63067, 1:500).

Techniques: Labeling, Derivative Assay

(A) Schematic of the experimental setup showing extracellular ventral root recordings and intracellular whole-cell patch clamp recordings from individual Pitx2 tdTom + interneurons (red) in hemisected brainstem-spinal cord preparations from Pitx2 tdTom neonatal mice. (B) Pie charts showing the relative proportion of respiratory-related (red) and non-respiratory-related (gray) Pitx2+ interneurons within and below the C3-4 spinal segments. (C) Example trace of voltage-clamp recording from a respiratory-related Pitx2+ interneuron (top) during ongoing respiratory burst (bottom). Red dotted box showing zoomed-in traces during a respiratory burst. (D) as in (C) but regarding current-clamp recording.

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: A cholinergic spinal pathway for the adaptive control of breathing

doi: 10.1101/2025.01.20.633641

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Schematic of the experimental setup showing extracellular ventral root recordings and intracellular whole-cell patch clamp recordings from individual Pitx2 tdTom + interneurons (red) in hemisected brainstem-spinal cord preparations from Pitx2 tdTom neonatal mice. (B) Pie charts showing the relative proportion of respiratory-related (red) and non-respiratory-related (gray) Pitx2+ interneurons within and below the C3-4 spinal segments. (C) Example trace of voltage-clamp recording from a respiratory-related Pitx2+ interneuron (top) during ongoing respiratory burst (bottom). Red dotted box showing zoomed-in traces during a respiratory burst. (D) as in (C) but regarding current-clamp recording.

Article Snippet: The following primary antibodies were used in this study: goat anti-ChAT (Sigma, RRID: AB_2079751, 1:300), goat anti-VAChT (Millipore, RRID: AB_2630394, 1:1000), rabbit anti-VAChT (Synaptic Systems, RRID: AB_10893979, 1:500), chicken anti-RFP (Rockland, 600901379, 1:500), rabbit anti-DsRed (Takara Bio, RRID: AB_10013483, 1:1000), rabbit anti-c-Fos (Synaptic Systems, RRID: AB_2905595, 1:1000), goat anti-Scip (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, RRID:AB_2268536, 1:5000), rabbit anti-Pitx2 (1:16000) and rabbit anti-CTB (Novus Biologicals, NB100-63067, 1:500).

Techniques: Patch Clamp

(A) Experimental design for whole body plethysmography and schematic of a representative breath. A Pitx2 ΔChAT or Dbx1 ΔChAT mouse was paired with a sex-matched control littermate and the mice were exposed to normal air conditions (21% O 2 , 79% N 2 ) for 45 minutes, followed by 15 minutes of hypercapnia (5% CO 2 , 21% O 2 , 74% N 2 or 10% CO 2 , 21% O 2 , 69% N 2 ). (B-C) Examples of breath traces under normal air and 10% CO 2 in Pitx2 ΔChAT mice and their control littermates. A single breath was enlarged in (C). (D, H, L, and P) Breath frequency (D), minute ventilation (H), tidal volume (L), and PIF (P) distribution under normal air in Pitx2 ΔChAT and control mice (n = 14-17 per group). (E, I, M, and Q) Mean and normalized frequency (E), minute ventilation (I), tidal volume (M), and PIF (Q) under normal air in Pitx2 ΔChAT and control mice. (F, J, N, and R) Breath frequency (F), minute ventilation (J), tidal volume (N), and PIF (R) distribution under 10% CO 2 in Pitx2 ΔChAT and control mice (n = 14-17 per group). (G, K, O, and S) Mean and normalized frequency (G), minute ventilation (K), tidal volume (O), and PIF (S) under 10% CO 2 in Pitx2 ΔChAT and control mice.

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: A cholinergic spinal pathway for the adaptive control of breathing

doi: 10.1101/2025.01.20.633641

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Experimental design for whole body plethysmography and schematic of a representative breath. A Pitx2 ΔChAT or Dbx1 ΔChAT mouse was paired with a sex-matched control littermate and the mice were exposed to normal air conditions (21% O 2 , 79% N 2 ) for 45 minutes, followed by 15 minutes of hypercapnia (5% CO 2 , 21% O 2 , 74% N 2 or 10% CO 2 , 21% O 2 , 69% N 2 ). (B-C) Examples of breath traces under normal air and 10% CO 2 in Pitx2 ΔChAT mice and their control littermates. A single breath was enlarged in (C). (D, H, L, and P) Breath frequency (D), minute ventilation (H), tidal volume (L), and PIF (P) distribution under normal air in Pitx2 ΔChAT and control mice (n = 14-17 per group). (E, I, M, and Q) Mean and normalized frequency (E), minute ventilation (I), tidal volume (M), and PIF (Q) under normal air in Pitx2 ΔChAT and control mice. (F, J, N, and R) Breath frequency (F), minute ventilation (J), tidal volume (N), and PIF (R) distribution under 10% CO 2 in Pitx2 ΔChAT and control mice (n = 14-17 per group). (G, K, O, and S) Mean and normalized frequency (G), minute ventilation (K), tidal volume (O), and PIF (S) under 10% CO 2 in Pitx2 ΔChAT and control mice.

Article Snippet: The following primary antibodies were used in this study: goat anti-ChAT (Sigma, RRID: AB_2079751, 1:300), goat anti-VAChT (Millipore, RRID: AB_2630394, 1:1000), rabbit anti-VAChT (Synaptic Systems, RRID: AB_10893979, 1:500), chicken anti-RFP (Rockland, 600901379, 1:500), rabbit anti-DsRed (Takara Bio, RRID: AB_10013483, 1:1000), rabbit anti-c-Fos (Synaptic Systems, RRID: AB_2905595, 1:1000), goat anti-Scip (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, RRID:AB_2268536, 1:5000), rabbit anti-Pitx2 (1:16000) and rabbit anti-CTB (Novus Biologicals, NB100-63067, 1:500).

Techniques: Control